Bibliography (12):

1. Negative Controls: A Tool for Detecting Confounding and Bias in Observational Studies

2. Generalizability and effect measure modification in sibling comparison studies

3. 2025-ballin-figure1-extensivefamilylevelconfoundinginphysicalfitnessandcorrelates.jpg

4. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescence and Premature Mortality: Widespread Bias Identified Using Negative Control Outcomes and Sibling Comparisons [Supplement]

5. 2025-ballin-supplement.pdf#page=5

6. Wikipedia Bibliography:

   1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_control

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_control

   2. Civil registration

   3. Confounding

   4. Confidence interval

   5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_models

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_models

   6. Statistical-significance

   7. Body mass index