Group

Memory span

Processing speed

Passive control

n=170

n=114

n=193

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Testing

(pre)

RAPM

10.65

2.65

10.38

2.72

10.38

2.44

DAT-AR

12.18

3.78

12.02

3.26

12.01

3.55

DAT-VR

11.74

2.93

11.92

2.72

11.56

3.22

DAT-SR

12.80

4.19

11.71

3.73

11.78

4.22

Re-testing

(post)

RAPM

11.95

3.09

12.12

2.87

11.70

2.70

DAT-AR

12.29

3.41

12.27

3.25

12.27

3.40

DAT-VR

13.40

3.17

13.43

2.64

13.11

3.03

DAT-SR

15.41

5.08

14.57

4.22

14.96

4.78

Change scores
(post-pre)

RAPM

1.31

2.81

1.75

2.77

1.33

2.46

DAT-AR

0.11

3.13

0.25

2.98

0.26

3.39

DAT-VR

1.66

3.06

1.51

2.78

1.55

3.08

DAT-SR

2.61

3.79

2.86

3.36

3.18

3.48

Effect size (Cohen's d)

RAPM

.46

.63

.54

DAT-AR

.04

.09

.08

DAT-VR

.54

.54

.50

DAT-SR

.69

.85

.91