See Also

Miscellaneous

• /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2023-fortune-figure1-economicsoftheopenaidealsankeyplotofflowofprofitdistributionthroughthecappedreturninvestmentrepaymentphases.png⁠:

  /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2023-fortune-figure1-economicsoftheopenaidealsankeyplotofflowofprofitdistributionthroughthecappedreturninvestmentrepaymentphases.png

• /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2021-martinezplumed-figure1-progressinaccuracyovertimeforimagenet.png⁠:

  /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2021-martinezplumed-figure1-progressinaccuracyovertimeforimagenet.png

• /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2021-martinezplumed-figure3-mostsuccessfulinstitutionsbytotalsotajumps.jpg⁠:

  /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2021-martinezplumed-figure3-mostsuccessfulinstitutionsbytotalsotajumps.jpg

• /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2021-martinezplumed-table1-listofaibenchmarksusedintheanalysisbytask.png⁠:

  /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2021-martinezplumed-table1-listofaibenchmarksusedintheanalysisbytask.png

• /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2019-11-07-sastry-aiandcompute-addendum-twoerasofcompute-all.jpg⁠:

  /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2019-11-07-sastry-aiandcompute-addendum-twoerasofcompute-all.jpg

• /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2018-amodei-aiandcompute-modernera-loggraph.jpg⁠:

  /doc/ai/scaling/economics/2018-amodei-aiandcompute-modernera-loggraph.jpg

• https://a16z.com/2020/08/12/taming-the-tail-adventures-in-improving-ai-economics/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/a16z.com/8a09c8918ca51ba5016c58de82b883c054307345.html

• https://andromeda.ai/

• https://austinvernon.site/blog/datacenterpv.html⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/austinvernon.site/df3b5aa1bb18d79d43548786c880b7f210e8a503.html

• https://blog.eladgil.com/p/ai-platforms-markets-and-open-source⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/blog.eladgil.com/2e8b24218b5c85844940a17ffdcc61613801f318.html

• https://caseyhandmer.wordpress.com/2024/03/12/how-to-feed-the-ais/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/caseyhandmer.wordpress.com/d6dc79bb6aa378546717eb573ce09839552d205f.html

• https://danwang.co/technological-momentum/⁠:

  View External Link:

  https://danwang.co/technological-momentum/

• https://dynomight.substack.com/p/llms

• https://epochai.org/blog/the-longest-training-run

• https://evabehrens.substack.com/p/the-agi-race-between-the-us-and-china

• https://fortune.com/2023/11/29/stability-ai-sale-intel-ceo-resign/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/fortune.com/9108fe6a1dd3c4ffd1e9fb2a258cf3c90935e5ac.html

• https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/dw8Wxcwc7TuSR2Tb9/the-market-expects-ai-software-to-create-trillions-of⁠:

  View External Link:

  https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/dw8Wxcwc7TuSR2Tb9/the-market-expects-ai-software-to-create-trillions-of

• https://github.com/ray-project/llm-numbers

• https://gpus.llm-utils.org/nvidia-h100-gpus-supply-and-demand/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/gpus.llm-utils.org/d89d4f82112bca85cbf3807ffd2d98f634332f73.html

• https://gpus.llm-utils.org/nvidia-h100-gpus-supply-and-demand/#how-do-the-big-clouds-compare⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/gpus.llm-utils.org/d89d4f82112bca85cbf3807ffd2d98f634332f73.html#how-do-the-big-clouds-compare

• https://minimaxir.com/2023/03/new-chatgpt-overlord/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/minimaxir.com/be35928db14bc14ec4e887559e50a2562a010f80.html

• https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37834750⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/news.ycombinator.com/8951b22fc89595774385dfd3bfb8f9ef975ae93a.html

• https://openai.com/blog/introducing-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis

• https://openai.com/fund/

• https://outlast.me/robot-hiveminds-with-network-effects/

• https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/batch

• https://restofworld.org/2023/ai-revolution-outsourced-workers/

• https://stackoverflow.co/company/press/archive/openai-partnership/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/stackoverflow.co/5b5bb6282f9dd81a0cb38eed5327edac57b0a663.html

• https://thezvi.wordpress.com/2023/07/25/anthropic-observations/

• https://tytonpartners.com/app/uploads/2023/10/GenAI-IN-HIGHER-EDUCATION-FALL-2023-UPDATE-TIME-FOR-CLASS-STUDY.pdf#page=4⁠:

  View PDF:

  /doc/www/tytonpartners.com/5e7c7899495bcb3b1ee3e0a30896a65302f70b55.pdf#page=4

• https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/davidson-on-takeoff-speeds

• https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2022/5/27/theres-no-such-thing-as-data⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/www.ben-evans.com/b8c51d6168b7c7a9aea48a68b753bb53664b35df.html

• https://www.erichgrunewald.com/posts/the-prospect-of-an-ai-winter/

• https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/QNRs_FHI-TR-2021-3.0.pdf#page=2⁠:

  View PDF:

  https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/QNRs_FHI-TR-2021-3.0.pdf#page=2

• https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/illusion-chinas-ai-prowess-regulation-helen-toner

• https://www.honeycomb.io/blog/hard-stuff-nobody-talks-about-llm

• https://www.interconnects.ai/p/ai-research-job-market

• https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Q3XaZTExzDpCLr4wu/efficiency-and-resource-use-scaling-parity

• https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/cB2Rtnp7DBTpDy3ii/memory-bandwidth-constraints-imply-economies-of-scale-in-ai⁠:

  View External Link:

  https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/cB2Rtnp7DBTpDy3ii/memory-bandwidth-constraints-imply-economies-of-scale-in-ai

• https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/04/20/ai-in-hiring-and-evaluating-workers-what-americans-think/⁠:

  View External Link:

  https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2023/04/20/ai-in-hiring-and-evaluating-workers-what-americans-think/

• https://www.reddit.com/r/freelanceWriters/comments/12ff5mw/it_happened_to_me_today/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/old.reddit.com/9611efae8631240b60016adc8f55dd1b65b0d136.html

• https://www.reddit.com/r/mlscaling/comments/1gyb54z/the_fate_of_gpt4o/

• https://www.reuters.com/technology/coreweave-raises-23-billion-debt-collateralized-by-nvidia-chips-2023-08-03/⁠:

  View HTML:

  /doc/www/www.reuters.com/51ae002d5241506804199afbb8027fa44a653103.html

• https://www.semianalysis.com/p/ai-datacenter-energy-dilemma-race

• https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/05/22/1092763/openais-gpt4o-chinese-ai-data/

• https://www.theinformation.com/articles/microsoft-and-openai-plot-100-billion-stargate-ai-supercomputer

• https://www.theregister.com/2023/11/07/bing_gpu_oracle/⁠:

  View External Link:

  https://www.theregister.com/2023/11/07/bing_gpu_oracle/

• https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7begx/overemployed-hustlers-exploit-chatgpt-to-take-on-even-more-full-time-jobs

• https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23794855/anthropic-ai-openai-claude-2

• https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/03/07/ai-data-centers-power/

• https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/ftc-opens-antitrust-probe-of-microsoft-ai-deal-29b5169a

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8T1O81W96Y⁠:

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8T1O81W96Y

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAu2jgAF1i8&t=1128s⁠:

  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAu2jgAF1i8&t=1128s

• https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-has-over-a-million-paying-github-copilot-users-ceo-nadella/

• https://x.com/ESYudkowsky/status/1635577836525469697

• https://x.com/JosephJacks_/status/1647328379266551808⁠:

  /doc/www/localhost/edf442c764c184c06500736df1781eca977545b3.html

• https://x.com/distributionat/status/1858398733140148571⁠:

  https://x.com/distributionat/status/1858398733140148571

• https://x.com/gdb/status/1609244547460255744⁠:

  /doc/www/localhost/f69c9904d21b23048565421d05ad76c761056622.html

• https://x.com/natfriedman/status/1712141463876776415⁠:

  /doc/www/localhost/0c7fd47f3891a2c244636687520bd9842d2f3b48.html

• https://x.com/sama/status/1739360234832052641⁠:

  https://x.com/sama/status/1739360234832052641

Bibliography

1. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/01/03/the-golden-opportunity-for-american-ai/: “The Golden Opportunity for American AI”, Brad Smith

   link-bibliography

2. https://benjamintodd.substack.com/p/why-a-us-ai-manhattan-project-could: “Why a US AI "Manhattan Project" Could Backfire: Notes from Conversations in China”, Benjamin Todd

   link-bibliography

3. https://www.manifold1.com/episodes/letter-from-shanghai-reflections-on-china-in-2024-73/transcript: “Letter from Shanghai: Reflections on China in 2024—#73 § Culture of Science in China & AI Arms Races”, Steve Hsu

   link-bibliography

4. https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/openai-co-founder-sutskevers-new-safety-focused-ai-startup-ssi-raises-1-billion-2024-09-04/: “OpenAI Co-Founder Sutskever’s New Safety-Focused AI Startup SSI Raises $1 Billion”, Kenrick Cai, Krystal Hu, Anna Tong

   link-bibliography

5. https://www.economist.com/china/2024/08/25/is-xi-jinping-an-ai-doomer: “Is Xi Jinping an AI Doomer? China’s Elite Is Split over Artificial Intelligence”, <em>The Economist</em>

   link-bibliography

6. https://www.ft.com/content/4868bd38-613c-4fa9-ba9d-1ed8fa8a40c8: “AI-Powered Coding Pulls in Almost $1bn of Funding to Claim ‘Killer App’ Status”, Madhumita Murgia

   link-bibliography

7. https://time.com/6990386/anthropic-dario-amodei-interview/: “Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei on Being an Underdog, AI Safety, and Economic Inequality”, Billy Perrigo

   link-bibliography

8. https://aibusiness.com/nlp/openai-chief-architect-predicts-huge-large-language-model-leaps: “OpenAI’s Colin Jarvis Predicts "Exponential" Advancements in Large Language Model Capabilities during AI Summit London Keynote”, Ben Wodecki

   link-bibliography

9. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-12/apple-to-pay-openai-for-chatgpt-through-distribution-not-cash: “Apple to ‘Pay’ OpenAI for ChatGPT Through Distribution, Not Cash”, Mark Gurman

   link-bibliography

10. https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3264909/new-ai-battle-adopts-old-price-war-strategy-chinese-tech-giants-keep-start-ups-bay-behind-great: “New AI Battle Adopts Old Price War Strategy As Chinese Tech Giants Keep Start-Ups at Bay behind the Great Firewall”, Ben Jiang, Kelly Le

    link-bibliography

11. https://www.ft.com/content/43378c6e-664b-4885-a255-31325d632ee9: “China’s Latest Answer to OpenAI Is ‘Chat Xi PT’: Internet Regulator Uses Chinese Leader’s Political Philosophy to Help Answer Questions Posed to Latest Large Language Model”, Ryan McMorrow

    link-bibliography

12. https://www.chinatalk.media/p/where-does-china-stand-in-the-ai: “Where Does China Stand In the Current AI Wave? China’s Top Policy Experts Discuss the US-China Gap, Open vs. Closed, and Societal Implications”, Nicholas Welch

    link-bibliography

13. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/sam-altman-investment-exowatt-energy-startup-ai-data-centers-eeeca766: “Sam Altman Invests in Energy Startup Focused on AI Data Centers: Investment by OpenAI CEO Highlights Artificial Intelligence’s Electricity Appetite”, Amrith Ramkumar

    link-bibliography

14. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/10/technology/ai-chatbot-training-chatgpt.html: “Now Hiring: Sophisticated (but Part-Time) Chatbot Tutors: The Human Work of Teaching A.I. Is Getting a Lot More Complex As the Technology Improves”, Yiwen Lu

    link-bibliography

15. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/06/technology/tech-giants-harvest-data-artificial-intelligence.html: “How Tech Giants Cut Corners to Harvest Data for AI: OpenAI, Google and Meta Ignored Corporate Policies, Altered Their Own Rules and Discussed Skirting Copyright Law As They Sought Online Information to Train Their Newest Artificial Intelligence Systems”, Cade Metz, Cecilia Kang, Sheera Frenkel, Stuart A. Thompson, Nico Grant

    link-bibliography

16. https://www.reuters.com/technology/inside-big-techs-underground-race-buy-ai-training-data-2024-04-05/: “Inside Big Tech’s Underground Race to Buy AI Training Data”, Katie Paul, Anna Tong

    link-bibliography

17. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/a-peter-thiel-backed-ai-startup-cognition-labs-seeks-2-billion-valuation-998fa39d: “A Peter Thiel-Backed AI Startup, Cognition Labs, Seeks $2 Billion Valuation: Funding round Could Increase Startup’s Valuation Nearly Sixfold in a Matter of Weeks, Reflecting AI Frenzy”, Berber Jin

    link-bibliography

18. https://www.wired.com/story/fast-forward-nsa-warns-us-adversaries-private-data-ai-edge/: “The NSA Warns That US Adversaries Free to Mine Private Data May Have an AI Edge: Gilbert Herrera, Who Leads Research at the National Security Agency, Says Large Language Models Are Incredibly Useful—And a Bit of a Headache—For America’s Intelligence Machine”, Will Knight

    link-bibliography

19. https://puck.news/marc-andreessen-eats-washington/: “Marc Andreessen Eats Washington”, Theodore Schleifer

    link-bibliography

20. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54271-x: “The Carbon Emissions of Writing and Illustrating Are Lower for AI Than for Humans”, Bill Tomlinson, Rebecca W. Black, Donald J. Patterson, Andrew W. Torrance

    link-bibliography

21. https://x.com/FutureJurvetson/status/1728076563285971040: “Google Now Spends More on Compute Than on People”, Steve Jurvetson

    link-bibliography

22. https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.01550: “Market Concentration Implications of Foundation Models”, Jai Vipra, Anton Korinek

    link-bibliography

23. https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/openai-seeks-new-valuation-of-up-to-90-billion-in-sale-of-existing-shares-ed6229e0: “OpenAI Seeks New Valuation of Up to $90 Billion in Sale of Existing Shares”, Deepa Seetharaman

    link-bibliography

24. https://www.theinformation.com/articles/why-youtube-could-give-google-an-edge-in-ai: “Why YouTube Could Give Google an Edge in AI”, Jon Victor

    link-bibliography

25. https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-and-openai-forge-awkward-partnership-as-techs-new-power-couple-3092de51: “Microsoft and OpenAI Forge Awkward Partnership As Tech’s New Power Couple: As the Companies Lead the AI Boom, Their Unconventional Arrangement Sometimes Causes Conflict”, Tom Dotan, Deepa Seetharaman

    link-bibliography

26. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-ai-boom-runs-on-chips-but-it-cant-get-enough-9f76f554: “The AI Boom Runs on Chips, but It Can’t Get Enough: ‘It’s like Toilet Paper during the Pandemic.’ Startups, Investors Scrounge for Computational Firepower”, Deepa Seetharaman, Tom Dotan

    link-bibliography

27. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/24/world/asia/china-chatbots-ai.html: “China Says Chatbots Must Toe the Party Line: The Communist Party Outlined Draft Rules That Would Set Guardrails on the Rapidly Growing Industry of Services like ChatGPT”, Chang Che

    link-bibliography

28. https://restofworld.org/2023/chatgpt-taking-kenya-ghostwriters-jobs/: “AI Is Taking the Jobs of Kenyans Who Write Essays for US College Students: Ghostwriters Say the Meteoric Rise of ChatGPT Has Coincided With a Drop in Income”, Martin J. N. Siele

    link-bibliography

29. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/07/technology/ai-chatbots-google-microsoft.html: “In AI Race, Microsoft and Google Choose Speed Over Caution: Technology Companies Were Once Leery of What Some Artificial Intelligence Could Do. Now the Priority Is Winning Control of the Industry’s next Big Thing”, Nico Grant, Karen Weise

    link-bibliography

30. https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-search-giant-baidu-introduces-ernie-bot-2023-03-16/: “China’s Answer to ChatGPT? Baidu Shares Tumble As Ernie Bot Disappoints”, Eduardo Baptista, Josh Ye

    link-bibliography

31. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/China-tells-big-tech-companies-not-to-offer-ChatGPT-services: “China Tells Big Tech Companies Not to Offer ChatGPT Services: State Media Outlet Blasts Chatbot As Spreading US Government ‘Misinformation’”, Cissy Zhou

    link-bibliography

32. https://x.com/davidtayar5/status/1627690520456691712: “Context on the NVIDIA ChatGPT Opportunity—And Ramifications of Large Language Model Enthusiasm”, Morgan Stanley

    link-bibliography

33. https://stratechery.com/2023/new-bing-and-an-interview-with-kevin-scott-and-sam-altman-about-the-microsoft-openai-partnership/: “New Bing, and an Interview With Kevin Scott and Sam Altman About the Microsoft-OpenAI Partnership”, Ben Thompson

    link-bibliography

34. https://www.theverge.com/23589994/microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-bing-chatgpt-google-search-ai: “Microsoft Thinks AI Can Beat Google at Search—CEO Satya Nadella Explains Why: AI Is Coming for Your Browser, Your Social Media, and Your Operating System, Too”, Nilay Patel

    link-bibliography

35. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2023/02/03/exclusive-openai-sam-altman-chatgpt-agi-google-search/: “OpenAI’s Sam Altman Talks ChatGPT And How Artificial General Intelligence Can ‘Break Capitalism’”, Alex Konrad, Kenrick Cai

    link-bibliography

36. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/03/technology/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence.html: “How ChatGPT Kicked Off an AI Arms Race: Even inside the Company, the Chatbot’s Popularity Has Come As Something of a Shock”, Kevin Roose

    link-bibliography

37. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/31/google-testing-chatgpt-like-chatbot-apprentice-bard-with-employees.html: “Google Is Asking Employees to Test Potential ChatGPT Competitors, including a Chatbot Called 'Apprentice Bard'”, Jennifer Elias

    link-bibliography

38. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/01/23/microsoftandopenaiextendpartnership/: “Microsoft and OpenAI Extend Partnership”, Microsoft

    link-bibliography

39. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/general-availability-of-azure-openai-service-expands-access-to-large-advanced-ai-models-with-added-enterprise-benefits/: “General Availability of Azure OpenAI Service Expands Access to Large, Advanced AI Models With Added Enterprise Benefits”, Eric Boyd

    link-bibliography

40. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/technology/microsoft-openai-chatgpt.html: “Microsoft Bets Big on the Creator of ChatGPT in Race to Dominate AI: As a New Chatbot Wows the World With Its Conversational Talents, a Resurgent Tech Giant Is Poised to Reap the Benefits While Doubling down on a Relationship With the Start-Up OpenAI”, Cade Metz, Karen Weise

    link-bibliography

41. https://fortune.com/2023/01/11/structure-openai-investment-microsoft/: “Inside the Structure of OpenAI’s Looming New Investment from Microsoft and VCs”, Jessica Mathews, Jeremy Kahn

    link-bibliography

42. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html: “A New Chat Bot Is a ‘Code Red’ for Google’s Search Business: A New Wave of Chat Bots like ChatGPT Use Artificial Intelligence That Could Reinvent or Even Replace the Traditional Internet Search Engine”, Nico Grant, Cade Metz

    link-bibliography

43. https://every.to/chain-of-thought/the-knee-of-the-exponential-curve: “Here’s What I Saw at an AI Hackathon: AI Gossip, Celebrity Sightings, Tech Trends—And Some Great Projects”, Dan Shipper

    link-bibliography

44. https://greylock.com/greymatter/kevin-scott-ai-programming-possibility/: “Programming Possibility: Kevin Scott on AI’s Impact on Cognitive Work”, Reid Hoffman, Kevin Scott

    link-bibliography

45. https://theinsideview.ai/ethan: “Ethan Caballero on Private Scaling Progress”, Ethan Caballero, Michaël Trazzi

    link-bibliography

46. https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.07258: “On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models”, Rishi Bommasani, Drew A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S. Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, Erik Brynjolfsson, Shyamal Buch, Dallas Card, Rodrigo Castellon, Niladri Chatterji, Annie Chen, Kathleen Creel, Jared Quincy Davis, Dora Demszky, Chris Donahue, Moussa Doumbouya, Esin Durmus, Stefano Ermon, John Etchemendy, Kawin Ethayarajh, Li Fei-Fei, Chelsea Finn, Trevor Gale, Lauren Gillespie, Karan Goel, Noah Goodman, Shelby Grossman, Neel Guha, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Peter Henderson, John Hewitt, Daniel E. Ho, Jenny Hong, Kyle Hsu, Jing Huang, Thomas Icard, Saahil Jain, Dan Jurafsky, Pratyusha Kalluri, Siddharth Karamcheti, Geoff Keeling, Fereshte Khani, Omar Khattab, Pang Wei Koh, Mark Krass, Ranjay Krishna, Rohith Kuditipudi, Ananya Kumar, Faisal Ladhak, Mina Lee, Tony Lee, Jure Leskovec, Isabelle Levent, Xiang Lisa Li, Xuechen Li, Tengyu Ma, Ali Malik, Christopher D. Manning, Suvir Mirchandani, Eric Mitchell, Zanele Munyikwa, Suraj Nair, Avanika Narayan, Deepak Narayanan, Ben Newman, Allen Nie, Juan Carlos Niebles, Hamed Nilforoshan, Julian Nyarko, Giray Ogut, Laurel Orr, Isabel Papadimitriou, Joon Sung Park, Chris Piech, Eva Portelance, Christopher Potts, Aditi Raghunathan, Rob Reich, Hongyu Ren, Frieda Rong, Yusuf Roohani, Camilo Ruiz, Jack Ryan, Christopher Ré, Dorsa Sadigh, Shiori Sagawa, Keshav Santhanam, Andy Shih, Krishnan Srinivasan, Alex Tamkin, Rohan Taori, Armin W. Thomas, Florian Tramèr, Rose E. Wang, William Wang, Bohan Wu, Jiajun Wu, Yuhuai Wu, Sang Michael Xie, Michihiro Yasunaga, Jiaxuan You, Matei Zaharia, Michael Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Xikun Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Lucia Zheng, Kaitlyn Zhou, Percy Liang

    link-bibliography

47. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/11/podcasts/transcript-ezra-klein-interviews-sam-altman.html: “Ezra Klein Interviews Sam Altman”, Ezra Klein, Sam Altman

    link-bibliography

48. 2021-martinezplumed.pdf: “Research Community Dynamics behind Popular AI Benchmarks”, Fernando Martínez-Plumed, Pablo Barredo, Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh, José Hernández-Orallo

    link-bibliography

49. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.10350#google: “Carbon Emissions and Large Neural Network Training”, David Patterson, Joseph Gonzalez, Quoc Le, Chen Liang, Lluis-Miquel Munguia, Daniel Rothchild, David So, Maud Texier, Jeff Dean

    link-bibliography

50. https://chinai.substack.com/p/chinai-137-year-3-of-chinai: “ChinAI #137: Year 3 of ChinAI: Reflections on the Newsworthiness of Machine Translation”, Jeffrey Ding

    link-bibliography

51. https://openai.com/blog/gpt-3-apps/: “GPT-3 Powers the Next Generation of Apps: Over 300 Applications Are Delivering GPT-3–powered Search, Conversation, Text Completion, and Other Advanced AI Features through Our API”, OpenAI

    link-bibliography

52. https://openai.com/research/ai-and-compute: “AI and Compute”, Dario Amodei, Danny Hernandez, Girish Sastry, Jack Clark, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever

    link-bibliography

53. https://www.theverge.com/2024/8/29/24231685/openai-chatgpt-200-million-weekly-users: “ChatGPT’s Weekly Users Have Doubled in Less Than a Year: Now 200 Million People Use the AI Chatbot Each Week”, Emma Roth

    link-bibliography